Jonathan Swifts Gulliver in the Land of the Houyhnhnms...

Jonathan Swifts Gulliver in the Land of the Houyhnhnms In the last voyage in Jonathan Swifts book Gullivers Travels, A voyage to the country of the Houyhnhnms, Swift describes his idea of an ideal society. There are many examples provided in this part of the book to convince the reader that Swift is indeed illustrating his idea of a utopia. By using horses as the most reasonable creature, Swift not only defaces human society by making a beast a more powerful creature, but also shows that humans are unable to attain this perfectly reasonable society. The society that the Houyhnhnms live in is unlike any society known to man. The Houyhnhnms are perfect in the way they live their lives; they are always doing what is best for†¦show more content†¦Gulliver explains the idea of war to the Master Houyhnhnm, and it is hard form him to understand the significance of it and why it would ever be needed. This idea can be shown in the following quotation: The Houyhnhnms, indeed, appear not to be so well prepared for war, a science to which they are perfect strangers, and especially against missive weapons, (236). Gulliver tries to justify the causes of war and attempts to explain this idea to the Houyhnhnms, who can not grasp the concept of why such a thing would ever be necessary. The Houyhnhnms do not even have a word to describe such evil, as it is not something that exists in their world. The Master listens to all of Gullivers stories and decides that humans are not unlike the Yahoos after all. The Yahoos are characterize d by their greed and selfishness throughout the book, and humans are viewed to be of the same nature. Swift thinks that the Houyhnhnm society is the ideal society; for this revealed by the way that he shows Gulliver wanting to become just like them. Swift does not like the European culture which is very different from that of the Houyhnhnms. Swifts major focus is on reason and thinks that a completely reasonable society would be a perfect one; which is what the Houyhnhnm society revolves around. Swift is always pointing out faults in humans and how they are not as perfect as the Houyhnhnms,Show MoreRelatedJonathan Swift s True Purpose1067 Words   |  5 PagesKatherine Rowland Rowland 1 Mrs.Hofler MYP English 2 20 November 2014 Jonathan Swift’s True Purpose Happy adventure tale, wonderful children’s book, filth, and absurd were just a few words that people during the 17th century used to describe Gulliver’s Travels. During the 17th century there was a period of new ideas and creativity; that period was called the Reformation. The ReformationRead MoreGullivers Travels: Swifts Opinions Of The English Essay960 Words   |  4 PagesAfter being washed ashore and then falling asleep, Lemuel Gulliver awakens to find himself tied firmly to the ground. In confusion, Gulliver hears noises and feels an object move about on his chest. He looks down and accounts, I perceived it to be a human creature not six inches high, with a bow and an arrow in his hands and a quiver at his back (6).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Imaginative stories, such as the one with the small human creature, are parts of the classic piece of literature Gullivers Travels . TheRead MoreGullivers Travels: Where Size Doesnt Matter1675 Words   |  7 Pages In Jonathan Swift’s Gullivers Travels, satire is ever-present: in plot, character and setting. Dystopia and utopia set the story, with grotesque added to sharpen character facets. The title character narrates the novel, and all actions are told through his point of view. His voyages expose him to extraordinary and absurd circumstances, used as fodder for mockery, and all throughout Gulliver’s travails society is ridiculed, and a bitter light is cast on humanity. Character growth is notRead MoreAnalysis on Swifts Attitude Towards Humanity1622 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis on Swift’s Attitude towards Humanity Introduction In1726, Jonathan Swift, one of the best-known realistic writers in 18th century, published his book Gulliver’s Travels which on the surface is a collection of travel journals of a surgeon called Lemuel Gulliver but actually is a work of satire on politics and human nature. In the four incredible adventures, Gulliver’s perceptions are tied closely with Swift’s shame and disgust against British government and even against the wholeRead More Gullivers Travels Essay705 Words   |  3 Pages SATIRE OF GULLIVER’S TRAVELS nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Jonathan Swift’s satirical prose, Gulliver’s Travels, is the subject of a wide variety of literary critique and social interpretation. Although many readers, at first glance, take this tale to be simply a fantastic narrative of a common man and his encounters with unusual locations and people through several journeys, further inspection reveals Swift’s true purpose of creativity--satire. Using the contemporary style of the Travel NarrativeRead MoreAnalysis on Swift’s Attitude Towards Humanity1638 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis on Swift’s Attitude towards Humanity Introduction In1726, Jonathan Swift, one of the best-known realistic writers in 18th century, published his book Gulliver’s Travels which on the surface is a collection of travel journals of a surgeon called Lemuel Gulliver but actually is a work of satire on politics and human nature. In the four incredible adventures, Gulliver’s perceptions are tied closely with Swift’s shame and disgust against British government and even against the whole of theRead MoreGullivers Travels1043 Words   |  5 PagesTravels INTRODUCTION Gullivers Travels (1726, amended 1735), officially Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World, in Four Parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, is a novel by Irish writer and clergyman Jonathan Swift .This novel is considered both a satire on human nature and a parody of the â€Å"fictional travelogues’ tales literary sub-genre. It is Swifts best known full-length work, and a classic of English literature. The book became tremendously popular as soon as it was published. (John Gay saidRead MoreEssay on Use of Satire in Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels729 Words   |  3 PagesGullivers Travelsnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp; Jonathan Swifts story, Gullivers Travels, is a very clever story. It recounts the fictitious journey of a fictitious man named Lemuel Gulliver, and his travels to the fantasy lands of Lilliput, Brobdinag, Laputa, and Houyhnhmn land. When one first reads his accounts in each of these lands, one may believe that they are reading humorous accounts of fairy-tale-like lands that are intended to amuse children. When one reads this story inRead MoreSatire Of The s Travels By Jonathan Swift1368 Words   |  6 Pagesincorporating satire into his comedies. Jonathan Swift urged humanity to care for the hunger of the world by feasting on children. Jane Austen wrote satirically on the ways of the noble class. Time and time again, authors use strong words in powerful satire to indirectly convey influential messages. It is intended to be ironic, but not necessarily funny. Despite its light-hearted presentation, satire can be used to question human nature. In Gulliver’s Travels by Jonathan S wift, satire is used to show thatRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Gulliver s Travels 1581 Words   |  7 Pages​Quite obviously, Lemuel Gulliver is the most focused on character in Jonathan Swift’s novel Gulliver’s Travels, as he is the most characteristically developed. Gulliver is from a middle-class English family and we see all angles of his personality, his morals, and his behavior through the various situations he finds himself in and his observable conduct and the actions he choses to take in those situations. Gulliver learned a lot throughout his many journeys, and this leads him to realize more about

The s Impact On Canadian Constructions Of Heritage And Islam

Spectacle and the Universal: ISIL’s Impact on Canadian Constructions of Heritage and Islam Context and Research Question: In August 2015, after capturing the ancient Roman site of Palmyra, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) spectacularly exploded the remains of the Temple of Bel and the Temple of Baalshamin. They immediately spread the images of their destruction online by creating videos and news reports. ISIL’s acts of destruction mark the largest-scale mass destruction of antiquities by one group since the Second World War (Kulish and Myers 2016), and their videos are extremely effective in disseminating their spectacles outside of the Middle East. Scholars in art history, archaeology, and law consider these acts the destruction of cultural heritage (HarmansÃŒ §ah 2015; Bauer 2015; Brodie 2015; Drasewska 2015; He 2015; Kila 2015). In particular, ISIL’s videos seek to defy Western European ideas about cultural heritage which are often cast as universal (Meskell 2002, 568) and engage a worldwide audience through carefully articulated performance s. However, the many Canadian journalists using digital media to protest the destruction and reassert their own humanitarian, cosmopolitan, and civilized heritage values clearly mark the success of this strategy (Manley 2016). In fact, a trend emerged where popular news stories claim that ISIL is destroying the heritage that belongs to all of humanity (HarmansÃŒ §ah 2015, 173). Some scholars dispute the validity of thisShow MoreRelatedEid-Ul-Fitr7138 Words   |  29 PagesAllahu Akbar (God is Great), three of them in the beginning of the first rakaah and three of them just before ruku in the second rakaah in the Hanafi school.[2] Eid ul-Fitr is sometimes also known as the Smaller Eid (Arabic: Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¹Ã™Å Ã˜ ¯ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ µÃ˜ ºÃ™Å Ã˜ ± al-‘Ä «du á ¹ £-á ¹ £aghÄ «r‎) as compared to the Eid al-Adha, which lasts four days following the Hajj and is casually referred to as the Greater Eid (Arabic: Ø §Ã™â€žÃ˜ ¹Ã™Å Ã˜ ¯ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™Æ'Ø ¨Ã™Å Ã˜ ± al-‘Ä «du l-kab Ä «r‎). Although in Southeast Asian countries, Eid-ul-Fitr is considered greater thanRead MoreCulture in Marketing Essay4606 Words   |  19 Pagesimmediate family of procreation and even then the unit might not be permanent the father and mother of the children might not remain together for the entirety of the child rearing process. 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Narayan`s Malgudi Days and last but not the least the aura of Gandhism depicted by Raja Rao in his remarkable novel Kanthapura portrayed a whole new India. The need of the `foreigners` depicting India amidst their write ups was not needed as Indians wantedRead MoreCoco Cola18335 Words   |  74 Pagesthe  corn  used to produce corn syrup often comes from genetically altered plants.[8]  Some nutritionists also caution against consumption of high fructose corn syrup because of possible links to  obesity  and  diabetes.[9] This causes problems with Coke s distribution and bottling network, because specific franchise districts are guaranteed an exclusive market area for Coke products. 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To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturersRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 PagesThis led to the appearance of ‘generic’ medicines which have exactly the same active ingredients as the original brand, and compete on price. The dramatic impact of generic entry is illustrated by Allegra, a treatment for hay fever, which lost 84 per cent of US sales in just 12 weeks following patent expiry in 2006. Generics had a major impact on the industry, providing incentives for innovation and a race to market, since the time during which RD costs could be recouped was drastically curtailed

Ema free essay sample

The main reason for this is the radical changes put in place so rapidly with immediate effect. This resulted in lack of structure and consistency throughout the whole chain stores, as you gave each store manager to much autonomy to change the store i. e. decor, food menu etc. , the business culture values as a whole was lost and that was what made the business a success before. I understand some changes had to be made but not so drastically. The loss of business culture and lack of dimension of structure had a lot negative effect in the business especially demographic and sociology factor wise as regular customers dislike the changes and constant change in staff router, the reason for this was staff/managers never has any incentive target to work towards so they would leave after short while which causes extra expenditure cost. Some good ideas drawn from the case study but presented in a quite unstructured way Part b) In Study session 1 we introduced a series a metaphors to describe a business one of them was business as a culture which is a pattern of belief and expectation shared by the organisational members. We will write a custom essay sample on Ema or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These beliefs and expectation produces norms that powerfully shape the behaviour of individual and groups within the organisation. As you recruited new staff with no experience and gave managers freedom to change each branch to their liking it took away the business identity and culture. The cause of this is inadequate training giving to new staff and lack of knowing the root/history of the business. A good example is how Disney world recruit and trains their staff, after passing the first phase the second is enrolling at university of Disney land where they undergo forty-hour apprenticeship programme, employee learn about the history and philosophy of Disneyland, and the regulation and procedures that govern work. The way Disney recruits is essential to keep hold of the business ethics and culture. OK but make sure the TMA maintains focus on the set question. Another example by Drennan (1992), who proposed 12 key factor that shape the culture of the business some of these are: The influence of a dominant leader-the vision, management style and personality of the founder or leader in a business often has a significant influence on the value that the business tries to promote The history of the business – how things has always been done The customers of the business who are they and what they expect The reward system and the measurement of performance c) These factor (above) could be useful to you to address your business problems vague and general in the future if put in place other suggestions are: Practices: These are the rites, ritual and ceremonies of the business. These can take many forms, and would include the annual office party, employees and inner site completion (what does this mean? ). (as mentioned before) Physical form: these include location, open plan or individual plan or individual office. Not relevant in a restaurant. Communication: Stories of notable events in the past tend to become part of the culture of the business and can influence behaviour explain how this relates to the case. A common language: jargon is common to many business. It is a convenient short hand form of communication, but is also effect behaviour. Disney employees are â€Å"cast crew† while McDonalds employee are â€Å"crew Members†. You have to be careful to hold on to the facts of the case, and not to go off at a tangent. Part 2 One of topics I found interesting through reading and taking part in discussion (book1 TMA01 Activity 1. 3) through TGF, which was the concept of business culture whether a business culture can be changed. At first I thought how a culture integrates in a business metaphorically and the more I read and researched the more I understood the big role it plays in a successful business. Many cultural element of a business is not obvious, but there has been attempts in the academic literature to develop definition and identify influencing factors. It is possible to see, or feel, that one business is different from another, and that this involves more than just how it present itself to the outside world.. During our discussion on whether a business culture can be changed, I felt that as human we have to adapt to new cultures to understand each other so for a business is imperative for changes to be put in place to modernise the business culture where needed to evolve the business. Some key factors influencing culture are: Which industry or sector he business is in, and how much and what type of competition it faces The procedures and policies within the business – ever-evolving, but often a good indicator of underlying values. The reward system and the measurement of performance Good summary Where is your references list? Where is your word count? MARKING GRID Part I Maximum Marks Your Marks Question 1 (a) Identify the problems faced by Lodge Bistro that relate to the study session chosen Explicit identification of the study session chosen20 List of problems106 Why these are problems and how these affect Lodge Bistro1814 Total marks Q1(a)30 20

What is Puritanism

Puritanism developed in the end of the 16th century in England. It was a powerful movement that embraced such spheres as political, religious and social. It also shaped family relations and even everyday life. In the first place, Puritanism was the movement that â€Å"sought to purify, or reform the Church† (Kang 148).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on What is Puritanism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Puritans thought that even their national church was still influenced by Catholicism. This was one of the most hostile to Catholicism groups within the group of Protestants. This led to prosecution of Puritans who were forced to move to the New World. Notably, Puritanism was very popular in the New World (particularly in Massachusetts) throughout the late 16th century and 17th century. There were a number of reasons. In the first place, the immigrants who came to that land were Puritan exiles. Of course, they remained faithful to their religious tenets as this was one of their â€Å"safe zones† in the New World. At the same time, Puritans believed in their being exceptional (Mingiuc 213). They thought they had been chosen by the God to purify the church in this world, so they believed they needed to make the New World purified from paganism, i.e. Indians. Puritanism has always been associated with progress and change. They did believe they were destined to bring the change to the New World. This was a very ‘suitable’ justification of taking land (i.e. resources) from Indians. Moreover, Puritans tried to live in accordance with the Holy Book. Of course, they referred to the parts of the Bible concerning Noah and Moses who explored new lands, and this was justified by the God (Bercovitch 181). At that, Puritans had a definite code of conduct, they had specific rules to follow, which was also quite convenient as they did not need to invent anything in the New World. How ever, it is necessary to note that Puritanism as a potent movement became less popular and even vanished in the end of the 17th century and in the beginning of the 18th century. Again, there were several reasons for the decline. First, political changes in Britain made many Puritans alienated from their roots (Kidd 32). When William took the throne, Puritans in Massachusetts hoped that they would have their basic rights secured (Kidd 32). Instead, they lost a lot of their freedoms. Of course, this political alienation from Britain also affected faithfulness to the entire movement. Apart from political issues, people were dissatisfied with the movement as it was too strict. New generations of Puritans did not want to tolerate all those restrictions.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The world had changed and Puritans’ tenets also were becoming outdated. Puritanism started declining in the New World. However, it is necessary to note that there are still traces of this movement in the American culture as even the American dream is based on such principles as progress and hard work (Bercovitch 172). Thus, though Puritanism as a potent movement vanished, it has considerably affected the development of the contemporary American society. Works Cited Bercovitch, Sacvan. â€Å"The Ends of American Puritan Rhetoric.† The Ends of Rhetoric: History, Theory, Practice. Ed. John B. Bender and David E. Wellbery. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1990. 171-191. Print. Kang, Ning. â€Å"Puritanism and Its Impact upon American Values.† Review of European Studies 1.2 (2009): 148-151. Print. Kidd, Thomas S. â€Å"What Happened to the Puritans.† Historically Speaking 7.1 (2005): 32-34. Print. Mingiuc, Andreea. â€Å"Key Concepts of Puritanism and the Shaping of the American Cultural Identity.† Philologica Jassyensia 2.12 (2010): 211-217. Print. This essay on What is Puritanism was written and submitted by user Jovanni Mcdaniel to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Beneficios migratorios de gays y lesbianas en EEUU

Beneficios migratorios de gays y lesbianas en EEUU Los migrantes gays, lesbianas, bisexuales y transgà ©nero deben estar al tanto de cules podrà ­an ser sus beneficios migratorios en los Estados Unidos en los que su condicià ³n sexual puede ser tenida en consideracià ³n. Obviamente, las personas dentro del colectivo LGBT estn sujetas a las mismas reglas que aplican al resto de los migrantes, pero por su condicià ³n sexual 2 aspectos deben destacarse, en primer lugar el del asilo y en segundo lugar, el de los beneficios por matrimonio. Este artà ­culo informa sobre ambas situaciones. Asilo y el colectivo gay, lesbiana, transexual y bisexual En Estados Unidos pueden solicitar asilo las personas que han sido perseguidas o tengan un temor fundado de que sufrirà ­an persecucià ³n si regresaran a su paà ­s por razà ³n de su raza, nacionalidad, religià ³n, opinià ³n polà ­tica o grupo social. Serà ­a precisamente en este à ºltimo apartado donde la condicià ³n LGBT podrà ­a tener cabida. Los casos de asilo son complicados y, aunque es cierto que en los à ºltimos aà ±os se han ganado importantes victorias en las cortes migratorias, es muy importante conocer las posibilidades reales, cules son las consecuencias de plantear un caso de asilo y perderlo y la relevancia de contar con abogados especialistas en este tipo de casos. Adems es importante conocer y reconocer que en los resultados de estos casos hay una gran importancia segà ºn el lugar de la corte en el que se plantea la situacià ³n, en el caso asilo defensivo. Derechos migratorios de la comunidad LGBT por matrimonio Los matrimonios formados por gays o por lesbianas tienen los mismos derechos migratorios que los formados por la pareja hombre-mujer. El gran cambio se debe a una sentencia de la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos con fecha del 26 de junio de 2013. En ella, y por cinco votos a favor frente a cuatro en contra, los jueces declararon inconstitucional la ley federal conocida como DOMA que definà ­a al matrimonio como una unià ³n de un hombre como una mujer.Aquà ­ se puede leer en ingles la histà ³rica sentencia. La consecuencia inmediata es reconocer beneficios federales a los matrimonios vlidos formados por gays y lesbianas en las mismas condiciones que los conformados por heterosexuales. Esto significa que los ciudadanos americanos y los residentes permanentes legales gays y lesbianas podrn patrocinar una tarjeta de residencia para sus cà ³nyuges extranjeros. Y siguiendo el mismo procedimiento administrativo. A tener en cuenta para obtener los papeles por matrimonio Al igual que ocurre con los matrimonios formados por un hombre y una mujer, el matrimonio por sà ­ sà ³lo no basta para conseguir los papeles para el cà ³nyuge extranjero. Entre otras cosas, se exigen los siguientes requisitos: Que el cà ³nyuge extranjero sea admisible para recibir la tarjeta de residencia, tambià ©n conocida como green card, y si no lo es que pueda pedir un perdà ³n o waiver y que à ©ste le sea concedido. Entre los requisitos que debe cumplir se encuentran los de salud y vacunacià ³n, no tener delitos invalidantes o determinadas violaciones migratorias, como por ejemplo, presencia ilegal por ms de 180 dà ­as. Es decir, la green card puede ser negada porque se considera que la persona para la que se solicita es inadmisible. El ciudadano americano o residente permanente debe cumplir con los requisitos econà ³micos para patrocinar. Y por supuesto que el matrimonio debe ser uno de buena fe, y no una boda realizada con el fin de cometer un fraude para concederle los papeles a una persona extranjera. Atencià ³n al asunto de la validez del matrimonio Para que el cà ³nyuge extranjero pueda obtener beneficios migratorios es necesario que haya matrimonio. No basta con parejas de hecho. En el caso de los gays y lesbianas hay que prestar especial atencià ³n a las leyes estatales que regulan este tema y quà © aplica a un caso concreto. Lo mismo cabe decir de los matrimonios celebrados en el extranjero, ya que para que se puedan deribar derechos migratorios es necesario que sea vlido de acuerdo a la ley local del lugar en el que se celebra. Por à ºltimo, al igual que ocurre con las parejas del mismo sexo, hay que tener mucho cuidado con las bodas celebradas en Estados Unidos cuando el miembro extranjero de la pareja ha ingresado al paà ­s con una visa de turista. Son matrimonios vlidos pero desde el punto de vista de inmigracià ³n hay ciertas precauciones que hay que tener en cuenta si el cà ³nyuge de otro paà ­s quiere quedarse a vivir en EEUU. Visas de novios como una opcià ³n Los ciudadanos americanos pueden solicitar visas K-1 para sus novios o novias. Este es un derecho que no aplica a los residentes permanentes. Es importante destacar que los residentes permanentes legales no pueden solicitar esta visa para sus prometidos. Tiempo de espera para green card por matrimonio No hay là ­mite por aà ±o fiscal al nà ºmero de visas por matrimonio que pueden pedir los ciudadanos americanos, pero sà ­ a las que pueden solicitar los residentes permanentes, por los que hay un tiempo de espera o demora que hay que tener en cuenta. Pero incluso en las peticiones realizadas por ciudadanos la tramitacià ³n lleva un tiempo administrativo. Si el cà ³nyuge extranjero est en otro paà ­s hay que calcular entre medio aà ±o y un aà ±o el tiempo que pasa desde que se presenta la solicitud y el solicitado pasa la entrevista en el consulado y ya est listo/a para viajar a Estados Unidos. Abogado responde a dudas Hay muchas dudas entre la comunidad de gays y lesbianas sobre el lugar en el que ha tenido lugar el matrimonio y el del domicilio de la pareja a la hora de solicitar beneficios migratorios. El abogado Frank Calabrese responde en esta entrevista a esas preguntas y despeja las dudas. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

A Complete Guide to College Graduation Announcements

A Complete Guide to College Graduation Announcements College graduation announcements can seem so simple  but also be so complicated. And, of course, while youre trying to figure out the ins-and-outs of the announcements, you still have to focus on finishing your classes and planning for life after college. Use this guide to help you through the planning, organizing, and sending of graduation announcements. The Logistics Coordinating the logistics behind announcements can be a serious pain in the brain. With a little help, however, it can also be taken care of with a few quick steps. The Why: 8 Reasons to Send Graduation AnnouncementsThe Who: To Whom Should I Send My Graduation Announcements?The Where and How: Where to Get Graduation AnnouncementsThe When: When to Mail Your Graduation Announcements The What: The Announcements Themselves Wording announcements can seem so easy. That is,  of course, until you actually sit down and try to write them. To get you started, below are a variety of announcement styles you can use or change a bit to create your own, personalized graduation announcement. No matter which type of announcement you send, the following information is vital: Your nameThe college or universityThe degree you earned (e.g., B.A. in Political Science)The commencement ceremony (or party) date and timeThe location of the ceremony or party Do you really have to invite people? Unlike high school graduation, not everyone is going to attend the commencement ceremony or expect a party. It is very common for college graduates to skip the date and location information and use their announcements as, just that, an announcement of your achievement. Announcements with Formal, Traditional Language Traditionally, a college graduation announcement uses formal language such as The President, Faculty, and Graduating Class... in the opening lines before giving the details in equally formal terms. Spelling out the dates and avoiding abbreviations for degrees are just some of the features youll find in formal announcements. If you would like to stick with tradition, here are two examples to explore: Formal Announcement Sample #1Formal Announcement Sample #2 Casual and Informal Announcements Maybe youre more of a casual graduate who wants to drop all formality and enjoy the celebration. If so, there are endless ways to begin your announcement and you can have as much fun as you like. Here are a few examples and dont forget to include the details. Education, Dedication, Jubilation, Graduation!Call the neighbors around, Raise a glass of Chablis,[Tasha] has earned [her] college degree![Shes] Graduating! Announcements Mentioning Family or Friends Yet another approach to the announcement is to include the support of your family and friends. This is a nice way for the people who care about you most and helped you through school to acknowledge how proud they are of you. Friends/Family Announcement Sample #1Friends/Family Announcement Sample #2 Announcements with a Religious Theme Whether you are graduating from a faith-based college or simply hope to acknowledge how your faith helped you in this great achievement, adding an inspirational verse is a great idea. It also doesnt matter which religion you follow, theres inspiration in all of them. Look for a verse or inscription that pertains to learning and knowledge and quote this at the top of your announcement. Again, dont forget the details! Religious  Announcement Sample

Information and Communication Technology Research Paper

Information and Communication Technology - Research Paper Example It is known that each moment, new technological advancements are made in ICT. This effectively results in relatively new systems fast getting outdated. These rapid changes have necessitated the working staff to continuously seek more knowledge in order to keep pace with the times. Those who cannot adapt to new ways, as a result, lose their jobs. The financial sector is one such sector that must continuously adapt to new ways in order to prevent and fight frauds that could easily be executed online. Developments in ICT have seen the introduction and successful use of credit and debit cards, automated teller machines, security equipment, and advanced surveillance equipment all of which rely on computer technology. Traditional regulatory frameworks have become increasingly inadequate for rapid challenges such as convergence witnessed in ICT sectors in the world. This has become a great challenge to regulatory bodies which have to adopt technology-neutral or equal regulatory treatment of the different communication and information infrastructure as a way of controlling the sector (ITU et al., 2009). Regulation of ICT Sector According to Baldwin, "Regulation as an activity can be described as a discrete and identifiable, focused and sustained exercise aimed at controlling activities that are valuable to a community by public agency or government" (Baldwin and Cave, 1999). Regulation may also be described as a deliberate set of commands, which are specific and take all forms of influence or social control, by a governing agency to control items that are valuable to the public (Baldwin and Cave, 1999). Baldwin and Cave argue that regulation is one of the most controversial issues cutting across a host of disciplines including economics, law, political science, history, sociology, geography, psychology, social administration, and management. Due to the apparent complexity of the issue of regulation, a multidisciplinary approach of the theories that exist must be taken (Baldwin and Cave, 1999). The above fact can more easily be expressed by considering a simple example: if economists devised technically sound regulatory schemes they would prove to be of infinitesimal significance if warnings or challenges brought forward by sociologists and political scientists, pointing out reasons such schemes would not work as anticipated by the economists, are taken for granted. In a similar way, lawyers' bits of advice concerning limitations of certain enforcement processes and rules should be considered for the effective implementation of the scheme. Regulations have existed in various forms to deal with a host of issues. The importance of regulation can be clearly seen in areas relating to industrial relations, monopolies, workplace safety and health, gaming, civil aviation,and discrimination.

Development of Global Managers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Development of Global Managers - Research Paper Example The companies now need strategic capabilities in three major business areas including global scale efficiency, local responsiveness and capability of leveraging worldwide. The notion of global manager is not very new however it has got momentum is recent time when the business world all over globe are witnessing the transformational changed led by the technology advancements. The concept of global managers has evolved over the time with the expectation of fulfilment of these objectives however, it is also a fact that no single global manager could perform all of these tasks for a business and generally group of specialized managers is developed for the management of company matters worldwide (Steers, et al, 2010). . The development of global managers is an important issue for the companies operating internationally because the global managers are made and not born. The development of the global managers appears to be foremost question for the corporate managers because they have to a ssure that the right person has got the right training and capabilities to work at the right place for generating the desired results. The concept of global managers is not very new and since the development of the notion there is extensive research work conducted around the topic in order to explore the issue from various perspectives (Bartlett and Ghoshal 2003). It has been unveiled that mainly these used to be three types of global managers including business manager, country manager and functional manager. The global business or product division manager has the responsibility to build efficiency and competitiveness of the company all around the world by recognizing cross border opportunities and risks. The country managers work as building block for worldwide operations of the company by providing detailed understanding and interpretation of local markets and building local capabilities and resources. The third type of global manager is worldwide functional specialist that trans fers the expertise from one unit to another and works for leverage learning, generation of good ideas and best business practice of the companies (Kediaa and Mukherji, 1999). Development of Global Managers – Current Issues The international business operations require constructing internationally competent workforces that must be comprise of the people having adequate information about the business. This requirement is also fulfilled by the global managers that are expected to be highly flexible and open minded. The building of such team is not a simple task and sometimes the companies take years to come up with the team of perfectly chosen global managers to organize their worldwide operations in adequate manner (Steers, et al, 2010). It is now impossible for the multinational companies to consult and reply upon single manager or specialist for effective management of their operations in any country because they must have team of global managers with multicultural experience so that they could recognize the cultural differences affecting the business activities and communication as well as working relationship within the company (McNally and Parry, 2000). Traditionally the businesses use to reply upon single country managers or expert for the management of the cross border business matters however, the increased trend of international business has changed the situation and the companies are required to give special attention towards allocation of management duties to competent

Asian American Essay Example for Free

Asian American Essay America has grown very much over the past couple of years when it comes to the representations of race, gender, class and sexuality. In America today many people are aware of the issues that different people have faced and the problems they are currently dealing with. Breaking a stereotype is a hard thing to do for any minority but it has been especially hard on the Asian community. From the early days of media Asian men and women have been portrayed a very specific way in film and television. In the 1950’s and 1960’s Asian women were portrayed as sexual objects, they were evil goddesses with slanted eyes or smiling, cunning, sexual deviants. This objectified Asian women to only two choices, be naive and hopeless or untrustworthy and devious. Now a days the media has obviously tried to eliminate these stereotypes. Their attempts have worked to some extent however there still are not many big name Asian women actresses. One of the biggest Asian actresses in Hollywood is Lucy Liu. Although is she a very successful actress all of her roles are very sexual. Is this a good or bad thing for the Asian community? Yes she is very famous but is she playing right into Asian women being sexually exploited in the media. Asian males have faced a very similar problem over the years. Although the term Asian American covers about 30 different ethnicities, in the media they are almost all portrayed in the same way. In the early days of American media you barely saw any Asian males on T. V. One of the most prominent Asian characters on T. V. in the early 30’s and 40’s was the character of Charlie Chan. Charlie Chan was a detective who appeared in over 40 different films, his character was very wise, smart and witty. The only problem was this Asian character was played by three different white actors over the years. The reasoning behind this was that all the good characteristics Charlie Chan had were because the actors were white and all of his negative characteristics were due to the fact that the character was Asian. Once again in todays society we have progressed significantly since the days of Charlie Chan. However Asian males today have been predominantly reduced to two major roles. One of these two roles is pretty easy to figure out, that role would be the kung foo action role. If I said, name a couple of Asian American actors the first that come to mind are Jackie Chan and or Bruce Lee. Everybody knows or has seen a couple of the films these two stars have been in. Another role is the role of the villain. Many Asian characters do not have big roles unless they are the bad guy. They are often linked with gang activities such as prostitution, gambling and murder. Here are some examples of these stereotypes and representations. The first one is the movie trailer for The World of Suzie Wong. This movie is about an American writer who is struggling in life and falls in love with a Chinese prostitute. Although it is a love story and Suzie Wong is the main character you can just tell by the trailer what American men think of Asian women at the time. www. youtube. com/watch? v=jnepiAcqb_g The next clip is a more modern movie. It stars Lucy Liu who is a very successful Asian actress. This movie is obviously a step forward, in the 1960’s an Asian woman fighting crime would have been thought of as blasphemous. Although her role in this movie is a strong woman who fights crime there is still a little bit of sexual objectivity here and in many other scenes of the movie.www. youtube. com/watch? v=cjyqWsrpQAA This next image is an image of Charlie Chan. You can tell by the picture that the actor that plays Charlie Chan is white. They use make up and he talks with an accent to make the character Asian. This truly makes no sense to me at all. The character is Asian but could not be played by an Asian because his good values would not seem realistic, but all of the negative qualities he has is because the character is of Chinese decent. http://beyondmediaonline. com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/chan. jpg. This next clip is from Rush Hour 3 and it pretty much plays into all the stereotypes I was talking about before. Jackie Chan is the star of this movie and he is a detective who specializes in martial arts and the man they are interrogating in this scene is a French/Asian gangster. Now once again not every Asian actor is a martial arts star or portrays a gangster in a movie now a days. It just seems that the major roles Asian actors get are ones like this. http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=tfEZwRukZOo Nittle, N. (2013). Asian American Stereotypes. Retrieved from http://racerelations. about. com/od/hollywood/a/Five-Common-Asian-american-Stereotypes-In-Tv-And-Film. htm Is Lucy Liu a heroine or a curse? (2003, January 29). Gold Sea Asian American Daily. Retrieved December 4, 2007, from http://goldsea. com/Air/Issues/Liu/liu. html. Chan, C. (1988). Asian Stereotypes. Retrieved from Chan, C. (1988). Asian American women: The psychological responses to sexual exploitation and cultural stereotypes. The Politics of Race and Gender in Therapy. Ed. Lenora Fulani. Haworth, 31-38.

Forget My Face :: essays research papers

Forget my face. I belong in London. Forget my name and take this as goodbye. No, I will not put a fight, my will for living has died. I've been living a lie. I am a lie. I'm trite and cheap. I have five dollars and a couple coins with me. If I continue living a lie, then I might as well be paralyzed. Lies are truths never born. So when I board the plane take it as my rebirth. A twelve hour flight in the womb over lonely seas and if by chance this plane was to go down I'd curl up in my polyester seat and turn as white as a premature baby. But if luck goes my way I'll be delivered safely into England as healthy as a new born baby boy. The airport's bustling and my feet are moving faster than I'm thinking. Through heavy metal doors I step into the streets slick with rain. As I smell the cool air, my lungs transpire London. With each sense intruiged I'm reborn and anxious for what comes next. I'm as healthy as I've ever been, I'm alive as Las Vegas night-life and it's only ten AM. Alone I walk down a road with green scenery. A sky so plain and trees so green. Arriving at the house I took for rent I've realized I'll never miss my bed. Too many nights it's caught my tears and it's caving in from memories of you and me. A new bed will provide new comfort in a new city I'd like to call my home. Out in town I'm not a forienger, I'm like a local and I'm more light hearted than I've ever felt. It's been six months and I've seen Big Ben and I sat upon the London Eye where I met this beautiful boy. He was gentle as he told me his name and he took a seat next to me. On our 4th time revolving over the sea he'd asked me out for coffee. This boy was clever. As we reached our 3rd cup of coffee we sat and learned about eachother. As time when on each coffee kept us awake and we sat until the early morning talking about English history. The Virgin Queen was recognized and pilgrimage was condoned. We went through all of Shakespeares plays and recited our favorite lines.

Disability Discrimination Employment Law Essay

Disability Discrimination, Employment Law Introduction            The employment law governs the duties and rights between employees and employers and are also referred as labour law. The rules are largely designed to keep the workers safe as well as ascertain that they are treated reasonably within the workplace. In addition, the Employment Laws are also enacted to protect the employer’s interest. In a nutshell, Employment Laws are based on national and state charter, administrative rules, court opinions and legislation. As mentioned earlier, a particular employment relationship can be governed by a contract between the employer and the employee. For example, the American Employment Act traces back to the community protest, in opposition to the unfair practices during the industrial revolution in the 20th century. The initial laws were enacted to compensate the injured workers, outlaw child labour and establish minimum wage for the workers. However, the law has been expanded to cover other aspects faced in the contract of employment (Davies, 2012).            Employment discrimination laws are the federal and state laws which usually prohibit employers from treating the workers differently in reference to certain attributes. Discrimination by government employers ‘for example’ violates the constitution guarantee of equal protection. Under the current law, persons are protected against unfairness based on aspects such as their skin colour, race, country of origin or genetic information (such as family medical history), gender, disability, religion or age. In several cases, it is also unlawful for employers to show favouritism based on political affiliation, sexual orientation or marital status.            What is discrimination? Labour market discrimination is referred as the difference in the treatment of two qualified individuals job applicant or workers on account of their disability, religion, race, gender, etc. It is the main source of inequality in the workplaces. Discrimination is harmful as it affects the economy outcomes of business entities, organizations, and that of equally productive workers. This can either be directly or indirectly. Discrimination is not only about measurable outcomes but also involves unquantifiable outcomes. However, at some points it becomes hard to differentiate between productivity relate inequality at the workplaces and discrimination. However, over the time, employment inequalities have declined but the vital issue on employment discrimination is the persistence of the vice (discrimination) in the capitalist economy.            In employment law, direct discrimination is decisions such as the failure to hire, unequal pay and benefits, firing of workers that are based on an applicant’s or employees characteristics such as colour, gender, religion disability among other characteristics. Indirect discrimination is when discrimination arises from employment policies issued by the employer. The policies have an adverse effect on the employee’s race, colour of their skin, ethnicity and other like characteristics. For example, when an organization has all the facilities and can be accessed by all the workers including the disabled, but access to the building by the disabled workers is from the back side of the building; then this is a form of indirect discrimination. Direct discrimination is when two different people ‘for example’ a white and black with the same qualification apply for a job vacant. The black person is told the job was taken, but when the white applies , the response is different, and the job is available. Disability discrimination            Disability discrimination is a form of discrimination in workplaces where a manager or other body covered by the Association for people with Disabilities Act, treats an employee or an applicant with a disability in an unlawful way. It is also giving harsh treatment to an individual only because he is disabled. On the other hand, disability inequity also occurs when a covered employer or other entity treats an employee or applicant less favourably because he or she has an account of a disability. Disabilities may involve cases such as cancer that is inhibited or in reduction and also cases such as mental or a physical mutilation. (Mutilation that is not short-lived such that it is expected to last or lasting for 6 months or less). The labour law ‘however’ requires an employer to supply rational accommodation to such a worker or a job aspirant with any form of disability. Despite this, there is an exceptional for such provision. In case doing so would ca use major complexity or expenditure to the employer (undue hardship), the employer is permitted to neglect the Employment Law (Geisen & Harder, 2011).            Under the equality Act 2010, disability discrimination by an employer is when he or she treats a job applicant or an employee’s less favourably because of his or her disability. For example, job is a qualified accountant and applied for the job of chief accountant officer in company A. However, his application was turned down after; the management learnt that he is on a wheelchair user. This is direct disability discrimination. When an organization has a policy or procedure which despite applying to all the workers in the entity, puts people who share disability at a disadvantage compared to others, it is referred as indirect discrimination. Direct discrimination is more prominent in comparison with indirect. It is mostly experienced when a person is discriminated in the following areas; employment, education and training, provision of facilities, goods or services among many other areas (Perry et al, 2004).            There are various sources of Employment Law or the labour law both at international and national level. It can be found in a number of different sources. One of the main sources is the Common Law. This is the law made by judges when announcing their judgment in cases. Common Law is different from the Legislation law. Secondly, there is the Legislation source of the employment laws which is also known as Acts of Parliament or Statute law. These are laws drafted and enacted by the government. For example under the Employment law, there are Employment Act 2008, Employment act 2002, Employment rights Act 1996. Others include; Disability Discrimination Act 1995 and 2005, human rights act 1998, Equality Act, 2006 among many other acts that are used to govern the employment contracts ‘as well as sources of Employment law’. What is contained in the different Act may differ from one country to another. Government agencies Contribution in preventing disability discrimination            Government agencies in the UK, has been known for their commitment to social justice for all the people. This has been through various ways such as access of vital information to all people. The government has embarked on the implementation of the United Kingdom employment equality law. This is a body of which legislates against prejudice based actions in the workplaces. The law has well stipulated guidance in prevention of discrimination against the defined characteristics such as disability. In addition, the government has a well established court system that has allowed disability discrimination victims to report in case of any discrimination experience. The government has been on the forefront in fighting against discrimination. This been seen through the support of agencies such as human rights movement. The movement is allowed to fight for the rights of minority groups in the community. The government has also supported the fight against disability discrimina tion through the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA). The act makes it criminal to categorize against disabled persons. The law was enacted in1995 to provide stability in employment. The U.K. government has since extensively improved the DDA’s reward by extending its extent to award disabled persons lawfully protected social rights in almost all decisive areas of life (Mabbett, 2005). Contribution of human rights in disability discrimination            Since the founding of the human rights movement, the establishment has been on the forefront in promoting fundamental human rights. The establishment has been and continues to fight for equality as this is the cornerstone of fighting all kinds of discrimination. The project of fighting disability discrimination has been through the collaboration of the government and the human rights organization as well as like minded establishment. However, the fight against disability discrimination has its advantages and disadvantages. One of the advantages is the peaceful existence of people in the places of work. Whether disabled or not, the extinction of discrimination in the work places makes it possible for each and every employee contribute positively to the running of the organization. In addition, the fight has led to minimized discriminations against disabled people. It also provides vital egalitarianism through equal rights in service. Finally, it makes easy access of goods and services to all people such as public transport, education among others, as well as providing optimal conditions for retaining and hiring qualified workers (Hunter, 1992).            However, the fight against disability discrimination has resulted to increased expenses for the organization and business entities. For example, the employer is supposed to provide adequate resources for the disabled to have equal access as the other workers. If workers is confined into a wheelchair, his mobility is limited, the employer is supposed to provide adequate facilities and structures to enhance such a worker movement. This calls for extra financial need to support the disabled people. Disability discrimination cases at work place. (Case 1)Case Summary            Joan Maya (the plaintiff) worked for Sweet Restaurant Limited. She sued her former employer Sweet Restaurant Limited for direct disability discrimination. Despite Sweet Restaurant Limited (the defendant) not making explicit remarks about Joan’s disabilities when terminating her employment, the court found that, the reason behind Joan’s dismissal was her injuries. In turn, the court ruled in favour of Joan and awarded damages for injuries and loss of income. Facts            Joan was employed by the Sweet Restaurant Limited as a waiter in its Liverpool restaurant. She was supposed to help wheelchair-bound customers by lifting the right side of the wheelchair using his left hand together with three other waiters. On 30th April 2010, Joan sustained an injury to the left side of her body while supporting a wheelchair-bound customer. The Employees’ Compensation (Ordinary Assessment) Board Sweet Restaurant Limited assessed that Joan had suffered a 1 percent loss in earnings capacity as a result of that injury. However, Joan alleged that the Defendant had engaged in unlawful disability discrimination in breach of the Disability Discrimination Ordinance (DDO) on the grounds that: The Defendant delayed or defaulted in reimbursing medical expenses to Joan. Mr. Walter, a manager of the Defendant, displayed a ferocious facial expression to Joan. Walter was dissatisfied when Joan asked to hold the left side of the wheelchair (instead of the right side) due to her injury.            Mr. Victor John, a director of the Defendant, had expressed dissatisfaction taking her sick leave. He showed a judgmental facial expression to Joan, yelled at her and directed her to leave Sweet Restaurant Limited for her inability to use her left hand to carry the wheelchair. The Defendant dismissed Joan with 7 days’ wages without notice and giving no reason. The Defendant denied the accusation of illegal discrimination. It argued that Joan was already well again from his injuries at the material times, and sought to base Joan’s dismissal on her poor work presentation. Decision            The Court alleged that, the complaints made against Joan’s work performance were unconfirmed because: No warning in print had been issued about Joan’s poor performance. I addition, there is no record of Joan’s attendance had been produced by the Defendant to show that Joan had intentionally selected the busiest dates to take leave. The conditions indicated that the reason for Joan’s discharge was not her deprived performance, but the soured affiliation between the parties. This was after she had her injuries. Despite the fact that no remarks were made by Walter or Victor that pointed directly at her disabilities, the Court concluded that the disgust they directed against Joan was as a result of the work injuries Joan had sustained. The Court held that the Defendant had acted in breach of the DDO and awarded damages to Joan of $101,181.70 comprising compensation for injuries sustained and her loss of earnings. Comments from the case            It is illegal to treat a worker less satisfactorily on the grounds of the employee’s disability. An employer does not need to have made any explicit remarks about an employee’s disability to engage in unlawful disability discrimination. As such, an employer needs to be careful about how it treats an employee who has a disability or who may have suffered an injury. The explanation of the case was based on the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA), which is the major law concerned with discrimination cases. The act is used to define disability in context to the case scenario. However, despite the well laid law in prevention of disability discrimination (direct discrimination), the implementation of justice has challenges which is identification of evidences to support the cases.            There has been the enactment of disability prevention policies which are directed at controlling and minimization of discrimination cases. The policies are usually contained in the law with well stipulated procedure for employees and employers. There has been a shift away from treating disabled persons as passive recipients of welfare to viewing them as people with rights and the capacity to control their own care. The disabled people’s society, in campaigning for an inclusive community, is highly decisive of the form that recent government policy on anti-discrimination has taken. The employers are always supposed to adhere to the rules and regulations of the law about any form of discrimination. (Reitz, 2007).The process of employment law enactment has been faced with numerous challenges. One of the main challenges is the difference in policies from that are implemented by various organizations and employment companies in curbing organizations. Despite the general law against the disability discrimination ‘as well as other forms of discrimination’ different organizations have various approach method in curbing the vice. This greatly the common goal of the discrimination eradication acts. In addition, the reluctance of the people in the country has contributed to fully enactment of the law. This is whereby employees fail to report discrimination cases to the courts. This has in turn become a stumbling block in the fight against employee discrimination. Another challenge in curbing discrimination is the lack of information and educates education on the matter (lack of knowledge to the people). Education programs are frequently organized to educate not only the employees but also the general public on ways to eliminate discrimination.            The employment law and legal institutions have to the change of the social interaction between the law and society. The employment law has contributed to the social understanding and existence of different people in work places. In other words, the law has created equality in the society. Law has, more often than not, been measured as the conventional approach of the state to manage and uphold social order within its domain. It is also taken as a mechanism to successfully promote and uphold regulations in the societies. Laws and regulations are generally constructed on lawful concepts that emerge for centuries all through time, and they are influencing everyday life in varying ways. If we, for theoretical purposes, understand the law as a system of rules, the relations between law and society has until recently been both fairly straightforward and based on customs, traditions, geographical boundaries and physical space. Conclusion            The employment law and measure remains important features of employment regulation. Employers are much less likely to determine policies or employment practices without reference to legal standards. Nevertheless, there is still achievement which has been attained in curbing various levels of discrimination among the workers. Disability discrimination however, requires efforts from various stakeholders in order to minimize the discrimination in workplaces. The adoption of the legislation setting into the employment laws has improved labour standards and in turn strengthens the workers as well as their unions. The designing of labour laws today also has a key position in ensuring that a high level of employment and sustained economic growth is accompanied by continuous improvement of the living and working conditions globally. References Blanpain, R. (2009).  European labour law. Alphen aan den Rijn [etc.: Kluwer. Reitz, A. E. (2007).  Labor and employment law in the new EU member and candidate states. Chicago: American Bar Association. Davies, A. C. L. (2012).  EU labour law. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Pub. Hunter, R. C. (1992).  Indirect discrimination in the workplace. Annandale, NSW: Federation Press.Susser, P., & Petesch, P. J. (2011).  Disability discrimination and the workplace. Arlington, Va: BNA Books. International Labour Office. (2007).  Equality at work: Tackling the challenges : global report under the follow up to the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work. Geneva: International Labour Office. Geisen, T., & Harder, H. G. (2011).  Disability management and workplace integration: International research findings. Farnham, Surrey: Gower. In Heymann, J., In Stein, M. A., & In Moreno, G. (2013).  Disability and equity at work.Parry, J., & American Bar Association. (2008).  Disability discrimination law, evidence and testimony: A comprehensive reference manual for lawyers, judges and disability professionals. Chicago, Ill: American Bar Association, Commission on Mental and Physical Disability Law. Perry, P., Perry Scott Nash Group., & British Standards Institution. (2004).  Winning with the Disability Discrimination Act: A guide for business. London: BSI. Mabbett, D. (2005). The Development of Rights-based Social Policy in the European Union: The Example of Disability Rights. Journal Of Common Market Studies,  43(1), 97-120. doi:10.1111/j.0021-9886.2005.00548.x Research and, M. (4). Research and Markets: European Union Non-Discrimination Law and Intersectionality: Investigating the Triangle of Racial, Gender and Disability Discrimination.  Business Wire (English). UK employment law – Disability discrimination. Retrieved from; http://www.lzwlaw.co.uk/documents/employment_law_dd.htm Disability discrimination, Retrieved from; http://www.adviceguide.org.uk/england/discrimination_e/discrimination_discrimination_because_of_disability_e/disability_discrimination.htm#h_toc Source document

Blackberry Pest Analysis Essay

BlackBerry Limited, formerly known as Research In Motion Limited (RIM),[3][4] is a Canadian telecommunication and wireless equipment company best known to the general public as the developer of the BlackBerry brand of smartphones and tablets, but also well known worldwide as a provider of secure & high reliability software for industrial applications and Mobile Device Management (MDM). BlackBerry’s software and hardware products are used worldwide by various government’s agencies and by car makers and industrial plants throughout the world, much of this activity being unseen by the public. The company is headquartered in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. It was founded by Mike Lazaridis, who served as its co-CEO along withJim Balsillie until January 22, 2012; as of November 2013, Saad assumes the new title of â€Å"Lead Director and Chair of Compensation†.[5] In November 2013, John S. Chen took over as CEO. His strategy is to subcontract manufacturing to Foxconn, and to focus on software technology.[6] Originally a dominant innovative company in the smartphone market for business and government usage, with 43% US market share in 2010, the company’s dominance in the US smartphone market has in recent years declined precipitously, in part because of intense competition mainly from the current high US market share of Google’s Android brands and also from the lower share that Apple’s iPhone has of the market. Due to such competition, the company’s share in the US personal consumer market was reduced to 3.8% in 2013.[7] In markets other than the US personal comsumer market BlackBerry’s products have fared better. On September 23, 2013 the company signed a letter of intent to be acquired for US$4.7 billion, or US$9 per share, by a consortium led by Fairfax Financial which has announced its intentions to take the company private.[8] On November 4, 2013 the deal was scrapped in favor of a US$1 billion cash injection which, according to one analyst, represented the level of confidence BlackBerry’s largest shareholder has in the company.[9] The majority of BlackBerry’s remaining value lies in innovation, one aspect being its patent portfolio, which has been valued at between US$2 billion and $3 billion.[10] Research In Motion Limited was founded in 1984 by Mike Lazaridis and Douglas Fregin. At the time, Lazaridis was an engineering student at the University of Waterl oo while Fregin was an engineering student at the University of Windsor.[11] RIM’s early development was financed by Canadian institutional and venture capital investors in 1995  through a private placement in the privately held company. Working Ventures Canadian Fund Inc. led the first venture round[12] with a C$5,000,000 investment with the proceeds being used to complete the development of RIM’s two-way paging system hardware and software. A total of C$30,000,000 in pre-IPO financing was raised by the company prior to its initial public offering on the Toronto Stock Exchange in January 1998 under the symbol RIM.[13] The company worked with RAM Mobile Data and Ericsson to turn the Ericsson-developed Mobitex wireless data network into a two-way paging and wireless e-mail network. Pivotal in this development was the release of the Inter@ctive Pager 950, which started shipping in August 1998. About the size of a bar of soap, this device competed against the SkyTel two-way paging network developed by Motorola. In 1999, RIM introduced the BlackBerry 850 pager. Named in reference to the resemblance of its keyboard’s keys to the druplets of the blackberry fruit, the device could receive push email from a Mic rosoft Exchange Server using its complementary server software, BlackBerry Enterprise Server (BES). The introduction of the BlackBerry set the stage for future enterprise-oriented products from the company, such as the BlackBerry 957 in April 2000, the first BlackBerry smartphone. The BlackBerry OS platform and BES continued to increase in functionality—while the incorporation of encryption and S/MIME support helped BlackBerry devices gain increased usage by governments and businesses.[14][15] BlackBerry Limited, formerly Research In Motion Limited, incorporated on March 7, 1984, is a designer, manufacturer and marketer of wireless solutions for the worldwide mobile communications market. Through the development of integrated hardware, software and services, it provides platforms and solutions for seamless access to information, including e-mail, voice, instant messaging, short message service (SMS), Internet and intranet-based applications and browsing. The Company’s technology also enables an array of third party developers and manufacturers to enhance their products and services through software development kits, wireless connectivity to data and third-party support programs. Its portfolio of products, services and embedded technologies are used by thousands of organizations and millions of consumers around the world and include the BlackBerry wireless solution, the RIM Wireless Handheld product line, the BlackBerry PlayBook tablet, software development tools and other software and hardware. Effective May 31, 2013,  BlackBerry Ltd acquired Scroon SA. On March 25, 2011, the Company purchased 100% of the shares of a company whose technology is being incorporated into the Company’s developer tools. On April 26, 2011, the Company purchased certain assets of a company whose acquired technologies will be incorporated into the Company’s products. In June 2011, the Company acquired Scoreloop. On March 8, 2012, the C ompany acquired Paratek Microwave Inc. During the fiscal year ended March 3, 2012 (fiscal 2012), the Company purchased 100% interests of a company, whose technology will be incorporated into its technology; whose technology offers cloud-based services for storing, sharing, accessing and organizing digital content on mobile devices; whose technology is being incorporated into an application on the BlackBerry PlayBook tablet; whose technology offers a customizable and cross-platform social mobile gaming developer tool kit, and whose technology will provide a multi-platform BlackBerry Enterprise Solution for managing and securing mobile devices for enterprises and government organizations. On April 24, 2012, the Company launched BlackBerry 7 smartphone, the BlackBerry Curve 9220, for customers in Indonesia. April 18, 2012, it launched BlackBerry 7 smartphone, the BlackBerry Curve 9220, for customers in India. On April 17, 2012, it announced availability of the BlackBerry Bold 9790 smartphone in Spain. On April 3, 2012, it launched BlackBerry Mobile Fusion, and launched four BlackBerry smartphones powered by the BlackBerry 7 operating system (OS) in Cambodia, which included BlackBerry Bold 9900, BlackBerry Bold 9790, BlackBerry Curve 9360 and BlackBerry Curve 9380. On April 2, 2012, it announced the availability of BlackBerry App World, the official application store for BlackBerry smartphones in Brunei, and it announced availability of the BlackBerry Bold 9790 and BlackBerry Curve 9380 smartphones for Cell C customers in South Africa. On March 27, 2012, it launched of the BlackBerry solution in Benin Republic. On March 15, 2012, it launched of BlackBerry services in China. On March 7, 2012, it launched the BlackBerry service in Angola. The Company’s primary revenue stream is generated by the BlackBerry wireless solution, consists of smartphones and tablets, service and software. BlackBerry service is provided through a combination of its global BlackBerry Infrastructure and the wireless networks of its carrier partners. On February 21, 2012, it released the BlackBerry PlayBook OS 2.0 software. It generates hardware revenues from sales, primarily to carriers and  distributors. During fiscal 2012, the Company launched the wireless fidelity (WiFi)-enabled BlackBerry PlayBook tablet in 44 markets around the world. On July 21, 2011, the BlackBerry PlayBook tablet received Federal Information Processing Standard 140-2 certification. BlackBerry Smartphones and Tablets BlackBerry smartphones uses wireless, push-based technology that delivers data to mobile users’ business and consumer applications. BlackBerry smartphones integrate messaging including instant messaging, email and SMS; voice calling; Webkit browser; multimedia capabilities; calendar, and other applications. During fiscal 2012, it introduced 10 new smartphones and launched software updates to both its smartphone and tablet platforms. BlackBerry smartphones are available from hundreds of carriers and indirect channels, through a range of distribution partners, and are designed to operate on a variety of carrier networks, including HSPA/HSPA+/UMTS, GSM/GPRS/EDGE, CDMA/Ev-DO, and iDEN. During fiscal 2012, its BlackBerry smartphone and tablet portfolio included BlackBerry Bold series, BlackBerry Torch series, BlackBerry Curve series and The BlackBerry PlayBook tablet. Its BlackBerry Bold series includes BlackBerry Bold 9900 and 9930 and BlackBerry Bold 9790. The Company’s BlackBerry Torch series include BlackBerry Torch 9810 and All-Touch BlackBerry Torch 9850 and 9860. The Company’s BlackBerry Curve series include BlackBerry Curve 9350/9360/9370 and All-Touch BlackBerry Curve 9380 Smartphone. The BlackBerry PlayBook tablet features the BlackBerry PlayBook OS 2.0. The BlackBerry PlayBook offers a seven-inch high definition display, a dual core one gigahertz processor, dual high definition cameras, multitasking and a Web browsing. History of the PEST Analysis  written by: Sidharth Thakur †¢ edited by: Linda Richter †¢ updated: 12/30/2010 PEST analysis has been in use as an external environment scanning tool for more than three decades. Still , there isn’t much information on how this technique has evolved. Here is an article that explores the history and evolution of this technique. slide 1 of 3 One of the popular environmental scanning tools used by businesses to analyze the macro-environment in which they operate is the PEST analysis. History of  this strategic planning tool is somewhat imprecise; although it may have evolved earlier, the first traceable mention of this tool goes back to 1967, by Francis Aguilar. Let’s take a look at how this tool was introduced and how it has evolved ever since 1967. slide 2 of 3 The First Trace of PEST Analysis As mentioned earlier, it is Francis Aguilar who can be credited with the origin of this strategic analytical technique. At that time, Aguilar talked about ETPS – Economic, Technological, Political, and Social environment — as the four environments that must be scanned when looking for analytical grounds to judge the strategic plans. Even in its current form, PEST revolves around these same four factors; however the term PEST came in much later. A few years later Arnold Brown emphasized these same four environmental factors with the only difference that he labeled it as STEP. This acronym, in addition to referring to each of the four environmental factors, stands for Strategic Trend Evaluation Process as well. There is no clear evidence about when PEST emerged from STEP or ETPS, but as of today the commonly used name for this external environment scanning technique is PEST. Apart from PEST, analysis history shows it is also popular in its extended form as PESTLE. PEST analysis (‘Political, Economic, Social and Technological analysis†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢) describes a framework of macro-environmental factors used in the environmental scanning component of strategic management. Some analysts added Legal and rearranged the mnemonic to SLEPT; inserting Environmental factors expanded it to PESTEL or PESTLE, which is popular in the United Kingdom.[1] The model has recently been further extended to STEEPLE and STEEPLED, adding Ethics and Demographic factors. It is a part of the external analysis when conducting a strategic analysis or doing market research, and gives an overview of the different macro-environmental factors that the company has to take into consideration. It is a useful strategic tool for understanding market growth or decline, business position, potential and direction for operations. The growing importance of environmental or ecological factors in the first decade of the 21st century have given rise to green business and encouraged widespread use of an  updated version of the PEST framework. STEER analysis systematically considers Socio-cultural, Technological, Economic, Ecological, and Regulatory factors. Political factors are basically to what degree the government intervenes in the economy. Specifically, political factors include areas such as tax policy, labor law, environmental law, trade restrictions, tariffs, and political stability. Political factors may also include goods and services which the government wants to provide or be provided (merit goods) and those that the government does not want to be provided (demerit goods or merit bads). Furthermore, governments have great influence on the health, education, and infrastructure of a nation.

Baking and Inch Cake Pans Essay Example

Baking and Inch Cake Pans Essay Example Baking and Inch Cake Pans Essay Baking and Inch Cake Pans Essay People like to try many new desserts everyday, which enables them to explore new tastes. Cakes are one of the most intriguing desserts in the world, because they come in various flavors and tastes. Many people do not know how to bake a cake from scratch this will take them through a step-by-step process on how to bake a bubble gum cake. Before I start the baking process I must first pre-heat the oven to 350 degrees F. Next focus on the materials needed, and put those out first.Start by gathering the basics such as milk, eggs, flour, sugar, baking powder, salt, shortening, vanilla, and a packet of gumballs. Then get the measuring utensils, measuring cup, mixing bowl, measuring spoons, and the baking pan. The size of the baking pan depends on the amount of cakes I want to make, two-88 inch cake pans or one-913 inch pan. The pans should be deep and round, so the cake can rise while baking. Now I start the process that will lead to baking our cake. Start by measuring the ingredients this way things will move along more quickly.Once I cake is baked both inside and out, remove it from the oven. Cool in pan for ten minutes and turn out onto a cake rack, or serve from the pan. The next step is optional, but I can put icing on the cake, or just leave it be. If I decide to ice I cake, the process to making white icing is very simple. act and precise, or the cake will not taste the same. I will need to measure out 2 ? cup white flour,1 ? cup sugar, 3 teasppons baking powder, 1 teaspoon salt, ? cup shortening, ? cup milk, 1 ? teaspoons vanilla, and ? cup milk.Then I will need two eggs, and a packet of small size gum balls. I are now getting closer to the last step. Pour the mixture into the pan or pans. Then carefully move the mixture around in the pan to evenly cover the pan. Next get the gumballs and start dropping them one by one into the mixture. The gumballs should be approximately ? inch apart from one another. Make sure they are deep enough in the cake so they are baked into the cake and not smeared into one another. Finally,the bubble gum cake is very simple and very nice with wonderfull colour I desire.

Get Organized for Graduate School

Get Organized for Graduate School Graduate students- and faculty- often find themselves overwhelmed with tasks. Good time management skills are essential, but succeeding in graduate school requires the ability to organize more than your time. Being unorganized- not knowing where your stuff is- is a time waster. The unorganized student spends precious time searching for papers, files, notes, wondering which pile to check first. She forgets and misses meetings or arrives late, repeatedly. He finds it hard to focus on the task at hand because his mind is swimming what the details of what must be done next or what should have been done yesterday. An unorganized office or home is a sign of a cluttered mind. Cluttered minds are inefficient for scholarly productivity. So how do you get organized? 1.  Set up a Filing System Go digital when you can, but dont forget to organize your paper files, too. Dont skimp on file folders or youll find yourself doubling up on files and lose track of your most important papers. Whenever possible, go digital (with a good backup system!). Maintain files for: Research/thesis ideas.Thesis references (probably divided up into additional files for each topic).Exam materials. As you prepare for comps, will have copies of old exams, study materialsProfessional credentials - vita,   sample cover letter,   research statement etc.Reprints and professional articles, organized by topic.Life (bills,   taxes, etc.).Teaching materials (organized by topic). 3.   Acquire and Use Office Supplies Though supplies can be expensive, its easier to get organized when youve got the right tools. Purchase a quality stapler, paper clips, binder clips, stick on notes in several sizes, sticky flags for marking important pages in texts, etc. Go to a supply store and purchase office supplies in bulk to maximize savings and to be sure that you dont unexpectedly run out of supplies. 4.   Organize Class Materials Some students use binders to organize class notes, with dividers to separate your notes from assigned readings, handouts, and other materials. Other students keep all of their class materials on their laptop and use software such as OneNote or Evernote to save and index their notes. 5.   Remove Clutter at Home and Organize Your Study Space Sure youre desk and study area should be neat. Its also helpful to keep track of the rest of your home too. Why? School is overwhelming enough without worrying about whether you have clean clothes, differentiating between the cat and dust bunnies, or losing unpaid bills. Set up a command center near the entrance to your home. Have a bowl or spot for you to put your keys and empty your pockets of important materials. Have another spot for your bills. Each day as you open your mail sort it into stuff to throw out and bills and other materials that require action. Additionally, make sure you have a dedicated space to work in your home. It should be free of distractions, well lit, and have all supplies and files nearby. Even if your living space is small or shared, be sure to designate a portion to your graduate studies. 6.   Create a Schedule for Household Tasks Set up a schedule for accomplishing household tasks like laundry and cleaning. Break cleaning up into smaller tasks, by room. So you might clean the bathroom on Tuesday and Saturday, clean the bedroom on Wednesday and Sunday, and the living room on Thursday and Monday. Clean the kitchen weekly then spend a few minutes each day on it. Use the timer trick to keep on task while youre cleaning and show you how much you can do in just a little time. For example, Im amazed that I can clear out the dishwasher and wipe down the countertops in 4 minutes! 7.   Dont Forget the To-Do List Your  to-do list is your friend. These simple tips can make a difference in your life. From my own experience as an academic, I can attest that these simple habits, though challenging to set, make it much easier to make it through the semester and maintain efficiency and productivity.

Georgia Cancer Foundation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Georgia Cancer Foundation - Research Paper Example In midst of such cancer crisis, Georgia Cancer Foundation (2010) is one of the non-profit organizations that are playing a significant and momentous role in preventing and reducing the number of cancer patients on this planet, specifically in the United States. In specific, 1975 witnessed establishment of this non-profit organization with the name of Southeastern Cancer Foundation (GCF, 2010), which later changed into its present name, Georgia Cancer Foundation. Since then, it has been momentous in putting efforts to plan and arrange provision of education and awareness facilities to residents of Georgia in the United States. Besides planning and arranging educational programs, the foundation is responsible for providing facilities of early detection of cancer agents in the human body that has been very significant in reducing the number of cancer patients that reach the level of untreatable cancer. One of the noteworthy attributes of Georgia Cancer Foundation (GCF, 2010) is its huge scope that includes all types of cancer, and thus, the foundation caters individuals coming from different and diverse backgrounds while fulfilling their requirements related with the disease of cancer. In order to cater all the residents of Georgia, the foundation runs a support group network that consists of different cancer services, especially of women that have been very beneficial for the organization to endeavor for the cause of cancer. With such networking of cancer services, the Georgia Cancer Foundation (GCF, 2010) has been successful in proving itself as the leader in the field of cancer care in the US state of Georgia. Statistics (GCF, 2010) have indicated that only in Georgia, approximately six thousand women get their breast cancer diagnosed in the state that points out the urgent need for an organization to focus on the women at risk of getting breast cancer. For this

Why Is Teen Pregnancy So High Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why Is Teen Pregnancy So High - Essay Example Many young girls grow up unaware of the dangers that may await them in the outside world. In order to be fully prepared for what may come in their teenage years, young girls need to be taught the dangers and consequences of teenage pregnancy. If this knowledge is obtained before an opportunity arises, then there is less of a chance of pregnancy occurring. Some people would say that talking about subjects such as sex only increases its frequency, yet most international studies show that teen pregnancy rates decrease in conjunction with proper teaching. Even if a girl is unable to avoid a situation, she may be able to make herself safer due to her knowledge about the issue. Another reason why teenage pregnancy rates can be so high is because of poor parenting. Education starts in the home, and as such, parents should take responsibility for their kids. Many children live in single-parent homes, which can be tough, yet there is no excuse for not properly forewarning someone of the effects of teenage pregnancy. As parents are the closest people to a young child, they are more likely to be listening to because of the influence they hold over their children. A parent who is a good role model will affect the way their kids think over certain issues, one of which is teenage pregnancy. Finally, perhaps the most significant cause of teenage pregnancy is peer pressure. Young people are always so concerned with what their friends or peers are saying about them. This is a stage in someone’s life where parents do not have the same hold over them. Friends influence the decisions and feelings of most teenagers because no one wants to look out of place. Even if someone’s peers are not encouraging someone to make a bad choice, it may be that the person feels like their friends do.

Personal impression of Car designer Chris Bangle and his design Essay

Personal impression of Car designer Chris Bangle and his design - Essay Example BMW simultaneously passed Mercedes Benz and took the global leader title in sale of premium cars. He stood firmly for his designs and defended them against any criticisms. He retired from BMW after introducing GINA, a car of stunning concept, in 2009 (Bangle 4). In 2010, he brought his unique insight and extensive knowledge of design as he featured in annual design festivals in Victoria. Chris Bangle has inspired many people in the world of automotive design including children (Braes 12). However, Bangle states that art is the only secret to great cars. He says that automobiles refer to the embodiment of art, sculpture and entertainment that coincidentally provide transportation. In order for automobile design to be successful, the designer has to make very decisive designs. Bangle is the founding father of BMWs, which are very popular up to-date. He believes that automobile design is the only pinnacle of design, while others are only substrate forms. Today, the automobile has become a product with very high significant impact and emotional properties in the society. After houses, they are the second biggest purchased major properties in Bangle’s view. Developments in Automobile industry Automobile design has evolved from the frontier between science, art, and market, to progressively becoming an aesthetic reference (Bangle 5). Aspects like aesthetic appeal, brand expression and impression, and emotional response are greatly influenced by the appearance of the product and therefore it has become an area of great concern among automotive manufacturers and designers today. Factors that are related to aesthetic and identity like interior and exterior styling that increase a car’s attractiveness are the number one criteria in purchasing across the world. Bangle was very keen on this and that is what has made his car models very popular and classic until today. Activities in automobile design involve shaping the car until all its aspects are visible. This is in styling the shape of the outer body and interior’s graceful appointments, together with arrangement of the engine compartment components. Bangle (17) says that before technical features are evaluated, the direct perception of the vehicle plays a much bigger role in determining whether the vehicle will be accepted or rejected. According to Bangle, automobile design involves taking into account many elements like car function, market, distribution, production, promotion, safety, price reduction and environmental concerns. The Effects of Bangle’s Design Movement to the Industrial Design Industry Regardless of many sentiments from many critics, Bangle has significantly affected the industrial design industry (Braes 21). His one and half decade of service in automobile designs for Munich manufacturers was marked in his 2009 retirement. To understand the contributions that he has had in automobiles industry, it is important to take a look at BMW’s styling before and after his service. Since the 1960s stunning CS couples, BMW design was so conservative that getting more progress was rare. Conservativeness was like the polite way of saying and staying dull. However, the pr esence of Bangle really transformed the styling of BMW. It is not a wonder that within a short while, it overtook great cars like Mercedes Benz in demand and price in the market. The BMW’s driving dynamics and power trains were the envy of many manufacturers (Georgano 56). Its styling made their rivals spend sleepless nights, hence striving to improve their designs. Consequently, there was marked improvement in the industrial de

The Differential Association Theory Criminology Essay

The Differential Association Theory Criminology Essay Theories within criminology try to explain why and how crime occurs. This is done through examining various facts that are related to the individuals criminal behaviour and the crime they commit. There are a wide range of theories which can be used to explain the causes of crime and deviant behaviour from youths. Youth crime is a major issue in society; this essay will discuss three theories, the differential association theory, the labelling theory and the rationale choice theory. The theories will discussed and how they can explain crime will also be discussed, then a comparison of the theories will be given in order to identify their strengths and weaknesses in explaining youth crime. The differential association theory is one of the most valued theories within criminology. This theory was first discovered by Edwin Sutherland (1947), he developed the differential association theory in order to explain how youths engage in acts of criminal behaviour. This theory defines criminal behaviour as learnt behaviour which is acquired through social contact with other individuals (Hollin, 2007:). This theory explains how individuals learn how to engage in criminal behaviour through their attitudes, drive and motive behind the criminal act. An individual is most likely to be involved in criminal behaviour if they spend numerous amount of time with a person who has a criminal background and believes that breaking the law is acceptable. Furthermore Sutherland (1974) identifies nine main factors that can be used to explain why a person engages in criminal behaviour. This essay will now explain the nine factors in detail. The first factor that Sutherland believes is the reason as to why an individual engages in criminal behaviour is because the behaviour is learned. Sutherland and Cressey (1960) believe that the actions of an individual are influenced by the people they associate with. It is believed that because the individual main association is with their family, as that is whom they have grown up and live with, so therefore the individual social values and norms are formulated from them. Sutherland also stated that learned behaviour is not invented, nor is it inherited The skills and techniques required for an individual to engage criminal activity are not automatically obtained from birth, or through association with criminals, instead they are acquired through a process of learning (Sutherland Cressey, 1960: 123). The second principle refutes the idea that criminal behaviour is learned through the individual witnessing deviant or criminal behaviour. Instead this believes that criminality is learned behaviour though interaction with others in the process of communication. At a very young age children are accustomed to the norms of society, they are taught the roles of both a genders by people around them. They also learn these roles by observing the male or female characteristics relating to the specific gender. For example an individual may learn about prostitution through witnessing the nonverbal responses of these others towards the activity, such as rolling the eyes or staring and through discussions with people who engage in that activity (Sutherland Cressey, 1960: 123). Also Curran (2001) stated that communication is an example of how criminals are misled into a life of crime and deviant behaviour (Curran, 2001: 143). The third principle states that individuals commit crime because they are influenced by the behaviour of intimate people such as family members and close friends. Methods of communication from television and or media are less effective in influencing the individual (Sutherland and Cressey, 1960: 123). The fourth factor from Sutherlands theory is that learning criminal behaviour involves learning specific techniques, drives, motives and rationalization. Having a primary group of people around does not necessarily mean that the individual will engage in crime, but it does mean that they have the resources into the criminal rationale. For example being around a person who is has been convicted of sexual offence, may give the individual knowledge into how to engage in the same crime, but the individual may choose not to engage in that crime because they know from their socialization of societal norms that a sexual offence is unacceptable (Sutherland and Cressey, 1960: 123). Curran (2001) believes that the specific direction of motives and attitudes is learned from definitions of legal codes such as favourable and unfavourable.The fifth factor can be noticed when considering cultures form the United Kingdom and the United States. Both countries have various cultures within them and eac h culture has different perceptions as to what is favourable and unfavourable within society and this can cause a cultural conflict. The individuals pro-criminal or anti-criminal intentions are developed based on learned conceptions of the law as either favourable or unfavourable (Sutherland Cressey, 1960:123) The most important principle within the differential association theory is the sixth principle, which is when individuals associate themselves with people that engage in criminal behaviour and believe it is acceptable. Sutherland argues that an individual becomes delinquent only when definitions favourable to violation of law exceed definitions unfavourable to violation of law (Sutherland Cressey, 1960: 123).The seventh and eight factor states that the association vary in duration, priority, frequency and intensity. (Sutherland Cressey, 1960: 123 124). For example, if a young child is raised by a drug user they will be exposed to stronger definitions of deviant behaviour and will be more to likely to engage in deviant behaviour, than a teenager who has witnesses someone taking drugs at a party.The final principle believes that even though criminal behaviour is an expression of needs and values, it cannot be explained by those needs because criminal behaviour is an expression of th e same needs and values (Sutherland Cressey,1960: 124). For example if two individuals where both motivated by a need to gain money and respect, but one person engage in criminal behaviour in order to get the money and respect. Whereas the other person engaged in conforming behaviour. So therefore the need for money and respect cannot be used as an explanation for an individual to commit crime. The second theory that will be discussed is labelling theory. This theory claims that deviance and conformity does not emerge from the individuals actions, but rather from how others respond to the actions. Marcionis and Plummer (2005) state that labelling theory highlights social response to crime and deviance. The labelling theory became dominant in the early 1960s and the late 1970s when it was used as a sociological theory of crime influential in challenging orthodox positivity criminology. The main academics in this theory were Becker and Lement. Lement (1951) first established the view of deviant, and later developed by Becker (1963). Labelling theory has become a dominant paradigm in the explanation of deviance. This theory is created by the assumption that deviant behaviour is to be not only by the violation of norms within society, but also by any behaviour which is defined as labelled or deviant. Deviance is not the act itself, but the responses other individuals give to th e act. Becker (1963) believed that social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitute deviance, and by applying those rules to particular individuals and labelling them as outsiders. He also stated that deviance is not the act that the individual commits, but the consequences of the application of others by rules and sanctions to an offender. And the deviant one is whom the label has successfully been applied to. Deviance has been distinguished into primary and secondary deviance by Lement (1951). Lement described primary deviance as little reactions from others which have little effect on an individuals self-concept and secondary deviance as people pushing the deviant individual out of the social circle, which can therefore cause the individual to seek the company of people who condone deviant behaviour. Lement (1951) further argued that instead of viewing crime as a leading to control, it may be more productive to view crime as something with control agencies structured. Secondary deviance leads Goffman (1963) to define deviant career. Goffman stated that people who acquire a stigma which is a powerful negative label which changes a persons self-concept and social identity. Criminal prosecution is one way in which an individual is labelled in a negative, rather than positive way. Scheff (1984) believes that stigmatizing people can often lead to retrospective labelling, which is the understa nding of an individuals past with the present deviance. Scheff (1984) also believes that retrospective labelling distorts an individuals life in a prejudicial way guided by stigma and this is an unfair thing to do. Stigmatizing young people may actually lead them into a deviant career. Howard Becker (1963) claimed that social groups create deviance by labelling individuals as outsiders. Through an application of infraction constitute deviance. Furthermore labelling theorys approach to deviance mainly concentrates on the social reaction to a deviant act committed by an individual as well as the interaction process that leads up to the labelling. This theory therefor suggests that too much attention has been given to criminals by criminology because criminology views criminals as types of people alongside the insufficient attention to the collection of social control responses. This therefore means that the police, law, media and public association help shape crime. This is supported by the conflict theory which shows how deviance reflects on inequalities and power. This approach may also signify that the cause of crime may be linked to inequalities of race, class and gender. The conflict theory links deviance to the power of norms and the imagery of the rich and pow erful, which the law society supports. The concept of secondary deviance, stigma and deviant career all demonstrate how individuals can incorporate the label of deviance into a lasting self-concept . Becker (1963) believes that labelling is a practical act that has made politicians aware of which rules to enforce and what behaviour they should regard as deviant. The effects upon an individual being publically labelled deviant have been examined by Becker (1963) he believes that a label is an unbiased onion, which contains an evaluation of the individual to whom it is applied. The labelling theory will be a master label in term of captivating over all other statuses the individuals are under. For example if one is labelled as a paedophile, criminal or homosexual it will be difficult for the individual to overlook these labels and see themselves in positive roles such a parent, friend, worker and neighbour. Other people will view that individual and respond to them according to the label, also they will assume that the indi vidual has the negative characteristics associated with the label. Eventually the individual will view themselves in that label because their self-concept is derived from the responses of others. This can then produce a self-fulfilling prophecy where the deviant becomes the controlling one. The third theory that will be discussed is the strain theory. Unlike the differential association and labelling, this theory believes that social structures within society can influence individuals to commit crimes. Merton (1938) suggests that there are two types of important elements of social structure. These elements are the cultural goals, the function of the goals and interests The second element is how phases of the social structure define how society can go about achieving these goals, by placing regulations and creating laws (Merton, 1938: 673). Merton (1938) demonstrates four responses to this strain. The first, conformity, Merton suggests that people who take this path subscribe to cultural goals and go about achieving these goals by using societys institutionalized means. The second path, innovation, suggests that when a person finds that an obstacle inhibits the ability to achieve the cultural goals, the person will not use institutionalized means; rather, they will emplo y other means. The third path, ritualism, describes a person that will reject the culture goals of society, but use its institutions as an avenue for advancement. The fourth, is the polar opposite of the path of conformity such that a person who is retreatist will reject cultural goals and its institutionalized means, people that take this path are people who essentially are not part of society (Tim Newburn, 2007: 176). The American dream is a popular culturally defined goal, Merton argued, which through honest-dedicated work, anyone can achieve this dream of wealth. Society defines what avenues are to be considered legitimate to achieve this goal, for example, earning a college degree and earning a high paying job would be a legitimate path as defined by our society. Since wealth in American is not distributed equally Merton (1938) argued that strain often occurs for those who are undercapitalized and do not have access to these legitimate means. (Tim Newburn, 2007:175 176). Strain theory can cause negative feelings from the outside environment. These feelings include fear, defeat and despair, the most applicable feeling that can occur is anger. Agnew (1992) emphasised that individuals become angry when they blame their negative relationships and circumstances on others (Agnew, 1992: 59). An individual is incited with anger, low inhibitions and they begin to create a desire for revenge (Agnew, 1992: 60). Agnew stated that individuals who are subjected to repetitive strain are more likely to engage in delinquent and criminal acts, this is due to the fact that the individual becomes aggressive because they are unable to cope and the negative strain may become too much for them (Agnew, 1992: 61). Overall all three theories give a good explanation of youth crime. The similarity between these theories is they all aim to give a detailed explanation as to why individuals engage in crime and deviance. Differential association theory believes that all behaviour is learned and so therefore deviant behaviour is also learned. This theory focuses on key variables such as the age of the learner, the intensity of contact with the deviant person whom they learn from and the amount of good and bad social contacts they have in their lives. Whereas the labelling theory explains deviance as a social process where individuals are able to define others as deviant. This theory emphasises on the fact that deviance is relative and the individual only becomes deviant when they are labelled. Alongside this strain theory explains deviance as the outcome of social strains within the way society is structured. Not all theories give a good explanation for tackling youth crime, the labelling theory states that the label is the route of criminal behaviour, this is not a good explanation because there is a reason an individual becomes a burglar, not because they have been labelled as one. The individual is aware that their actions are deviant and that they are breaking the law. Some academics believe that there should be more research into the labelling theory and why individuals engage in criminal behaviour. The left realist have stated that the idea of avoiding labelling in order to avoid deviance is unrealistic. Also Aker (1967) criticised the labelling theory for claiming that deviants are normal individuals who have been labelled. However the labelling theory fails to explain why some individuals are labelled and some are not. Another criticism of the labelling theory is that it is possible to reject the label. Becker (1963) claimed that once an individual is labelled and accepts the devi ant behaviour, all their other qualities become irrelevant and the label becomes their master status. However there are examples that show it is possible to reject the label. This example comes from Reiss (19610 study on young male prostitutes. Although the males engage in homosexual behaviour they regard this behaviour as work and still maintain their straight image despite working as prostitutes. This study shows that the labelling theory is open to negotiation as some individuals reject the label. Differential association theory and the strain theory can be used to tackle youth crime. The differential association accepts that criminal behaviour is evident across all social classes, and that criminal attitudes and behaviour is learned through interaction with influential groups. In order to tackle youth crime the government will need to introduce organizations that aim at using positive role models to encourage young individuals who do not have positive role models in their lifes. By doing so individuals can learn positive behaviour instead of deviant behaviour from people who engage in unacceptable behaviour. The differential theory has been criticised in Glueck (1956) article on Theory and fact in Criminology. Glueck stated that it is difficult to measure the frequency, duration, priority and intensity of an individuals association, so therefore this males it impossible to predict and measure how associations result in the learning of criminal behaviour. It could be argued th at the individual did not learn criminal behaviour from an intimate social group, because the duration, frequency, priority and intensity was not sufficient. Glueck (1956) argued that if there is no sufficiency then the theory is not falsifiable which therefore males it defective. Finally the strain theory can be used to tackle youth crime because it explains the strains with society that may influence individuals to engage in criminal activity. This theory can enable the government to improve the social structure within society, for example providing more employment and better education opportunities. Strain theory has been criticised by Cohen (1955) who stated that the theory can be accounted for some but not all deviant behaviour. Cohen also criticised Mertons theory of strain for being too individualistic in describing the adaptations to strain (Pfohl, 1994: 269).